Abstract
The main focus of this study is on the social isolation that many women feel because they can't have children. Only those women who had both primary and secondary infertility were included in the study. They were getting treatment for this condition at both private and public hospitals and clinics. Purposive sampling was used to find study participants, and snowballing was used to find women who couldn't have children. The snowball sampling method was used to get data from 181 infertile. Analysis was done with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate techniques. It also had an effect on one's social and family life. This added to the feeling of social isolation and withdrawal from other people. People should have more access to health care and information about infertility treatment, and current health policies should be changed. To qualify as having primary infertility, a couple must have been married for at least two years, had no children, and not use contraception. In order to determine the causes of primary infertility, researchers used logistic regression. At a 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) range of 11.6-16.0 %, the women's median age was 28.8 years (between 21 and 36 years old). HSV-2 seropositive was the leading cause of primary infertility (adjusted odds ratio: 3.48; CI: 1.892, 7.22). Men and women in the study had similar rates of primary infertility, which is in line with recent studies from Pakistan and the WHO. The significance of HSV-2 in primary infertility needs further investigation.
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Introduction
Infertility is a frequent medical problem that affects 5–8% of couples in industrialized countries and 0.8% to 44.2 % of couples in improved countries. When you can't become pregnant after a year of trying, you've got infertility. Endometriosis, uterine fibroids, and thyroid problems can all cause infertility in women. Male infertility can be caused by a deficiency in either sperm or testosterone (Callahan LT, Caughey AB, 2018). The likelihood of being infertile rises with age. Healthcare practitioners consider a couple infertile if they fail to conceive within a year of trying. It takes six months to conceive for a 35-year-old lady, and she's diagnosed with infertility. Women over the age of 40 should be screened for breast cancer as soon as possible. Infertility does not include miscarriage or the inability to carry a child to term. Many couples struggle with infertility, and you aren't the only one. One in ten to one in fifteen women in the United States is dealing with infertility. It is considered infertility when a couple has had frequent, unprotected sexual relations for at least a year and yet cannot conceive (Mascarenhas, et al, 2018).
A person who is infertile doesn't have the ability or desire to have children. Fertility refers to the ability of a man or woman to have children. After 24 months of trying, the World Health Organization says that infertility is when you can't have a baby even though you want to. Many people have primary infertility, which is when there isn't a fertile egg in the body. Secondary infertility, on the other hand, is when the ability to have more children stops after having a baby (Fathalla MF, 2017).
An illness of the reproductive system is defined as "clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse," according to an international committee for monitoring assisted reproductive technology and the World Health Organization. A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after a year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse is recommended to undergo diagnostic examination and inquiry by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommendation (National Institute for Healthcare Improvement) (Okonofua, F.E, 2016).
The WHO estimates that 186 million married women (excluding Chinese women) would be childless this year, based on data from Demographic and Health Surveys in developing nations. The full scope of the issue, on the other hand, remains a mystery. The provision of public
Healthcare, the setting of priorities, and the forecasting of need necessitate comprehensive data on infertility prevalence and relevant causes. Approximately 72.4 million couples worldwide are affected by infertility, according to the latest statistics (Ahmed AU, 2017).
Infertility tests must be scheduled and treatment must be scheduled in advance in order to limit both over- and under-treatment in the treatment of decreased fertility. In 20% of couples, ovulation induction factors, utero-tubal intraperitoneal factor, semen migratory factor, and the male element are the biological reasons for infertility. These factors are present in 30% of couples, 10% of couples, and 30% of couples, respectively. 40% of infertile couples have a combination of variables, and 15% may not show any obvious abnormalities that would lead to a conclusive diagnosis (Che Y, Cleland J, 2012).
Based on data from the 1992 surveys of the Royal Commission on New Reproductive Technologies, researchers classified women as infertile eight years later if they had not taken contraception or had not become pregnant in the 12 months preceding the interview. According to this criterion, 8.5% of women between the ages of 18 and 44 were infertile. Infertility refers to the inability to carry a pregnancy to term and give birth to a healthy child (WHO, 2017). More than 50 million people globally and 20 to 35 million couples in Africa were predicted to be affected by infertility at some time in their reproductive life by the World Health Organization in 1991. Nigerian couples who are unable to conceive can also benefit
Damage to the fallopian tubes, which are tubes that move fertilized eggs from the ovary to the uterus, can make it hard to have children. Infertility, scars from pelvic surgery, and scars from a vaginal infection can all damage the fallopian tubes, making them less likely to work. Having problems with fertility when sperm can't get to an egg in a tube can be caused by this sperm and egg meet in the tube(Zafar et al, 2019). Before the egg is implanted in the womb, it is fertilized at this place. Old problems with fertility, such as having trouble getting pregnant, still affect about 8% to 13% of couples all over the world at this time. As many as 2% of all men have sperm that doesn't meet the right standards; this is called "male factor" infertility. Sperm cell movement may be slowed down, the concentration may be low, or the morphology may be different. Those who live in less-developed countries have more infertility and more of their infertility is caused by infections (Mirza, I., and R. Jenkins, 2019).
Objectives
- The purpose of this study is to examine into the prevalence and causes of primary infertility in a group of people.
- To compare a contemporary duration technique to a classic created measure in estimating the prevalence of infertility.
- The objective is to assess infertile knowledge, perceptions, and myths and recommend strategies to improve them.
- The causes and frequency of primary infertility among young women in Pakistan are described in this study.
- The goal of this study is to look into the present prevalence of infertility in women and the factors that contribute to it.
Results
We used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to look at the questionnaire data we collected in this chapter (SPSS). Before we looked at the data, we used Cronbach Alpha to see how reliable it was. When we looked at our data, we used descriptive statistics like frequency (average), median (average), mode, measures of dispersion, and shape to figure out what the overall theme of our data was. This is how we did it: We then used cross tabulation to see how well one attribute did when it was in the presence of another. These tests look for connections between features, and we use their p-values to make our findings. They are called the Chi square test, the likelihood ratio test, and the line to line test, and they are all used to look for connections.
Using frequency distribution tables, means, standard deviations, and bar graphs, we were able to describe the variables. The marginal model was used for both univariate and multivariate data modelling because of the individual-to-individual way of matching and the matched quadruplet kind of data. The generalized estimating equations (GEE) method of parameter estimation was used for both. GEE can be used to figure out how a generalized linear model with unknown correlations between outcomes can be estimated.
Reliability Test
A reliability test is conducted to determine the questionnaire's usefulness. Because of this, it is important to verify the data's veracity before moving on to more complex analysis. Consider Cronbach Alpha, which is described as:
| The Cronbach’s Alpha | The value of Internal Consistency |
Copyrights & License
Copyright © 2023 Ishrat Nazar Ahsan Tariq Dr Hafiz Muhammad Mouzam ali Dr Fouzia Tanvir Dr Fahad Raza this is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.  How to Cite
Nazar , I. ., Tariq, A. ., Mouzam ali , D. H. M. ., Tanvir , D. F. ., & Raza, D. F. . (2023). Prevalence of Infertility in Young Women, a Survey Based Study from Punjab, Pakistan. International Journal of Medical Science and Clinical Invention, 10(01), 6538–6542. https://doi.org/10.18535/ijmsci/v10i01.016
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