Abstract

Skin cancer represents a formidable and escalating challenge to global public health systems, driven by aging populations and increasing environmental exposure. It is a widespread malignancy resulting from uncontrolled cell proliferation, primarily triggered by ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced DNA damage. While basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are the most common forms, melanoma remains the most lethal due to its rapid metastasis, and Merkel cell carcinoma represents a rare but aggressive neuroendocrine variant. Despite high incidence rates, the prognosis for cutaneous malignancies is favorable with early detection. This review integrates epidemiological data with clinical classification and management strategies. Preventive measures extend beyond traditional photoprotection to include lifestyle modifications, the use of chemical peels for actinic keratosis, and dietary phytochemicals that leverage epigenetic mechanisms to reverse procarcinogenic actions. Furthermore, the therapeutic landscape has evolved from surgical excision to include advanced immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, and the application of nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery and high-resolution imaging. A multidisciplinary approach combining prevention, early diagnosis via advanced imaging, and personalized therapeutics is essential for reducing the global burden of these diseases.

Keywords

  • Cutaneous malignancies
  • Melanoma
  • Chemoprevention
  • Immunotherapy
  • Nanomedicine
  • Ultraviolet radiatio

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